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There were four cups used at different times during the passover. They represented the following:
1 The first cup of wine is called the cup of sanctification. It is to commemorate the promise: “I will bring you out.”
2 The second cup is called the cup of plagues – the plagues that came upon Egypt – and it relates to the second promise: “I will free you from being slaves.”
3 The third cup is called the cup of redemption, where God says: “I will redeem you.”
4 The fourth cup is called the cup of completion, where God says: “I will take you as my own people.”
Notice the third cup, “cup of redemption“, that this would be the main representation of Christ who is the redeemer of mankind, that is why St. Paul refers to this cup as the “cup of blessing“.
It is this cup that is central to the Mass and our cup of salvation.
By receiving this cup, we renew the Covenant with the Lord and truly, our cup overflows.
Also notice the 4th cup, during the Last Supper, remember that Jesus did not offer the traditional 4th cup, but he saved it until the cross.
This is why the Mass is known as the “Sacrifice of the Mass”, because the Last Supper is tied into the Passion of Jesus and our redemption..
The cup of completion is taken literally by Jesus, “After this, aware that everything was now finished, in order that the scripture might be fulfilled, Jesus said ‘I thirst.’ There was a vessel filled with common wine. So they put a sponge soaked in wine on a sprig of hyssop and put it up to his mouth. When Jesus had taken the wine, he said, ‘It is finished.’ And bowing his head, he handed over the spirit.” (John 19:28-30)